Sunday, January 26, 2020

Mother Teresa Of Calcutta Theology Religion Essay

Mother Teresa Of Calcutta Theology Religion Essay Blessed Teresa of Calcutta, born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu and commonly known as Mother Teresa of Calcutta, was an ethnic Albanian, Indian Roman Catholic nun. By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus. The book Mother Teresa by Navin Chawla is a sensitive, perceptive biography written with Mother Teresas full cooperation and encouragement, describing her mission of faith and principles that guided her. The first American publication of the authorized biography of Mother Teresa (published in UK in 1992), this book was written over a five-year period (1987-1992). The author, an Indian bureaucrat and a retired chief election commissioner of India, has collected many letters and rare photographs, which provide personal charm as she describes the life of this Albanian nun who has lived in Calcutta since 1928. To read this book is to be suddenly brought up to Mother Teresas transformative vision of the world. Mother Teresa sees the dying as the very body of the crucified Christ, and she views leprosy patients as recipients of a gift of God designed to bring them closer to Him. Page by page, the drumbeat of this astonishing way of thinking makes it instantly clear how the founder of the Missionaries of Charity has transformed what should be the most appalling circumstances of sickness, poverty and death into an opportunity to serve the broken body of the living Christ. What makes this biography stand out from the many other books of Mother Teresa is Navin Chawlas unprecedented access to the Saint of the Gutters and the religious beliefs he holds. Navin is a Hindu, but refers to himself as near atheist. Who better to write a biography than one who is skeptical? He writes of the facts, which include miracles that occur every day. Mother Teresa herself tells him about these miracles, if you pray, you will see them. He writes facts which no one can dispute. The five years Navin took to complete the book enabled him to understand the inner person and deliver his insights. It was clear right from the Prologue where he writes, As a Hindu, it took me longer than most to understand that Mother Teresa is with Christ each conscious hour, whether at Mass or with each of those to whom she tends to. It is not a different Christ on her crucifix and a different one which lies dying at Kalighat. For Mother Teresa, to love ones neighbour is to love God. This is what is essential to her. MOTHER TERESA, AN INDIVIDUAL WITH STRONG CHARACTER The biography started with the biographers note on how he managed to get the permission from Mother Teresa to write a book not about her but about the work and gives a short account of success of services by Mother Teresa. Then he talks about the childhood of Mother Teresa though not given in detail but was sufficient to explain the thoughts that led her to becoming a nun. Mother Teresa was born as Agnesà « Gonxhe Bojaxhiu on 26th August 1910 as the youngest child to Nikola and Drane Bojaxhiu in Skopje, Yogoslavia. Her mother, Drane who was not merely religious but practical and commitment to her faith had a far reaching influence on the character and the spiritual life of young Agnes. Agness religious formation developed further through her extensive involvement in the vibrant Jesuit parish of sacred heart. She was described as a good student, meticulous in appearance, well organised, one who never refused help or assistance and friendly by her family members which she developed be ing part of the Sodality. At the age of eighteen, she decided to leave her home and become a nun as she realised her vocation was towards the poor. From here the book gives minute details regarding Mother Teresas journey from her initial days in India especially in Darjeeling and Kolkata as a sister at Loreto convent, Entally where she took her vows, those of poverty, chastity and obedience to becoming Bengali Teresa. A person with strong spirituality and a deep love for her colleagues (Sisters) and followers (students), Mother Teresas twenty years at Loreto was noted for her charity, unselfishness and courage, her capacity for hard work and a natural talent for organization, she lived out her consecration to Jesus, in the midst of her companions, with fidelity and joy. MOTHER TERESA, A LEADER WITH CONVICTION At this point of time when she received a call in a call as an inner command to go and serve the poor in the streets, she approached the situation with much meditation and consultation with her spiritual advisor Father Van Exem. She wanted to remain faithful to her catholic faith and not be seen as a secular that had abandoned her role as Mother. Years later with nothing more than three Saris and pennies she was on her way into the streets hoping to give love and hope where none existed and with a strong belief in her cause that God would be her provider. This is a European woman that stepped out into the poorest of the poor streets of India with no money, no home and no guarantees. She has been ridiculed, starved had stones thrown at her, been threatened and persecuted. She is the one who started her first school in India with a twig that she drew out the Bengali alphabet in under a tree. She didnt believe in saving, as she always believed that God would provide. She never asked for donations, but sometimes would resort to begging as the poor did. Never for herself but always for others. The amazing thing about her was that she did it all on faith. Today there are homes created by her in over 130 countries including the U.S. Her Missionary Services called Missionaries of Charity continues to grow even after her death. There are Sisters and Brothers that serve and have all taken the poverty vow and live exactly like the poor. She always referred to herself as a mere instrument of God and all the work was done by God. MOTHER TERESA, A LEADER WITH A STRONG VISION AND MISSION One of the most important principles Mother Teresa lived by as a leader was her  Vision. She realized that she was the voice of her vision. She had to state it clearly. The vision was kept simple and unambiguous and she believed in it and lived it every dayin everything she did. The vision motivated her every day and she embedded it deeply into the organization that she built. She also had a clear goal which was her mission for her whole life-to serve and to do Gods will. Her example of ethical use of power has become an example to those who have a great deal of persuasion in this world. She showed the world that one does not need money, power, an office, staff, a dictatorial voice to change the world. Instead, all that is needed is a conviction, a heart of humility, and a life of devotion. Her work itself had profound effect in the most unlikely places and often at the highest places. For instance she was a tremendous force in the church. The pope always received her whenever she visited Rome, as he might receive his own child. The book talks about several instances where her requests to a countrys President were granted immediately. She took initiatives during a famine in Ethiopia, spread the message to the then US President Ronald Reagan and he sent his help to the place with food and medicine. She was considered as the most powerful woman in the world, yet she remained humility itself. The biography gives a direct account of the character of Mother Teresa. The author gives unaltered descriptions of events from which we can easily identify these character traits as our own. She comes across as a bold, determined, concentrated individual who dont dare to ask, to beg for the poor; a systematic person who knows how a hierarchy works, who knows priorities and the value of money. She was very simple, yet hardworking. A person with a vision and value the importance of prayer! The author is highly moved by the fact that while most of us like to focus on the big idea, or the big vision, Mother Teresa focused on faithfulness in the smallest things. While we think about loving the whole world, she urged us to love our neighbor. While we focus on doing great things, she focused on doing small things with love. Ultimately, it is these small things that will determine if we will achieve anything big in our life. MOTHER TERESA, AS A TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADER As a leader, the more one is willing to sacrifice and give up oneself for the larger vision, the greater the fruits one will bear. The more one sows in terms of effort, time and money, the more one will reap in ones life. Mother Teresa gave herself fully to alleviate the poverty around her by touching one life at a time, and she accomplished so much at the end of her life. Mother Teresa is a fine example of a leader in todays culture. Her profound humble ways and leadership has forever shaped the way this world looks at those who live without it. If not for her leadership qualities Mother Teresa would not have risen to great heights to win the hearts of the millions of people worldwide. She served the poor, orphaned and dying people for more than forty-five years and never ever was tired of her service. The real stories mentioned in the book touch and inspire our heart. When the people affected with leprosy were considered as untouchables, she extended her service to them and cared f or them by starting many homes. Mother Teresa was very humble and never cared about her own image, a rare quality that could hardly be seen in any leader around the world. Whenever she happened to travel in flights, she used to collect the leftover food from all the travelers on the plane and distributed the collected food to the hungry and needy people. Though she had no money many times, she never hesitated to beg to help people. She was extremely courageous in helping people suffering from leprosy. She never was tired in helping the refugees, blind, homeless, flood and famine victims and lepers. The poor and forlorn people were brought to the homes and they were given medical attention. They were given an opportunity to die with dignity and during their last moments, the Muslims were read the verses from Quran, the Hindus received holy water from the Ganges and the Christians received the last rites. Though she was a Christian, this is just enough to portray the best leadership quality of generosity in her. She was so simple and humble that she never cared for her own comforts. The sari she wore cost only one US dollar. The white sari with blue border has become a symbol of peace and solace to the poor and destitute. She knew very well that if she should heal other people she must suffer herself and this was what she stated to Princess Diana once when she met her. According to Bass and Avolio (1993)  transformational leadership is concerned with engaging the hearts and minds of others.  It requires trust, concern and facilitation rather than direct control.  The skills required are concerned with establishing a long-term vision, empowering people to control themselves, coaching, and developing others and challenging the culture to change.   Mother Teresa was a woman who saved lives and changed them through the sheer force of her faith and determination. Clearly, Mother Teresas leadership style was transformational.  It was people like Mother Teresa who give a new meaning to life. Like a true leader she proved that one person can really make a difference in the lives of millions. Mother Teresa set examples for future generations to continue her work. This shows how much of an impact she truly had. She made a difference, not by helping everyone, but by making people stop and realize how they could do the same. She is one of the greates t leaders the world has seen. MAHATMA GANDHI AND MOTHER TERESA There is also a beautiful comparison in the book about the similarities between Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa. It was an interesting comparison, where both went out of their country for service, both were conservative when it comes to religious believes, but both had worked for the welfare of the people from all religion irrespective of caste and creed and the like.   MOTHER TERESA AND HER ACHIEVEMENTS India honoured Mother Teresa by giving Padmashri and the highest of honour,  Bharat Ratna. The world was competing to give the best of honour to her, including the  Nobel Prize  for peace. CONCLUSION To conclude, Mother Teresa was a multi dimensional figure, both simple and complex at the same time. Her faith, compassion and religion aside, Mother Teresa had all the qualities of a Manager grit, determination and getting the odds to work for her. Her Management Model was different. She ran the organization through people. She set up a base and then found people who would form a chain around that and work for her and that is how it expanded. Finally, Mother Teresa by Navin Chawla is a good book which can kindle our thoughts and support for the poor! What we are doing is nothing but a drop in the ocean. But if we didnt do it, the ocean would be less because of that missing drop. I do not agree with the big way of doing things. To me what matters is an individual was the philosophy of Mother Teresa.

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Critic Paper †Out of Africa Essay

Out of Africa: The Incredible Human Journey, is an educational movie series hosted by Alice Roberts, a medical doctor and anthropologist, trying to explain the reasons behind evolution and repopulation of humans from our early ancestors by citing existing evidences such as skulls or bones, artifacts and many more in different parts of Africa. The purpose and intention of the film was to discuss that we, as a modern human being, just evolved and originated from Africa. Emphasizing that all people in the world came from Africa. Throughout Robert’s journey in the film, she met lots of people having different views towards this evolution of humans. It started when Dr. Robert crossed a river and arrived in an island somewhere in Africa, and later introduced to the head of the said tribe who entertained her. She was then guided by villagers into the place wherein it is said that it is the place where the early humans lived. Robert observed that there’s no visible roads present on their track, and a little bit curious to how do these villagers reach their destination paths without roads to remember setting as guides for directions. During their walk, Dr. Robert noticed that one of the guiding villagers is carrying a gun, which is for protection purposes they said. Because according to them the other tribes might attack them anytime on their way to the said place. After Dr. Robert’s very tiring and long walk, she finally reached her destination, and finally arrived at the place where according to them where early human remains were found. Robert stated facts and histories about the place, wherein she believed that people live their in thousand years ago. She also discussed and explained to what are the possible explanations to how African ancestors left Africa repopulating throughout the world. Later on, Dr. Robert spend her night in the wild making a safety place for her to sleep all through out. During her stay in the wild, she heard different loud roars of various animals, then later on, in the morning she found out footsteps of lions near her place wherein she spent her night. After her tough night, she and volunteer hunters went out for a hunting trip under the heat of the sun. Not just that, Dr. Robert is constantly checking their body temperatures from time to time which he found out that their body temperature are constantly changing, which shows a sign of survival and may be is the reason for our ancestors to why they managed to pass through the deserts of Africa and repopulate the other parts of the globe. Afterwards, she stated and examined to how our appearance differentiated with our ancestors based on the skulls found in some part of deserts in Africa. Critique: The movie merely focuses on the human origins from Africa and how did evolution involving migration from one place to another occur. The ideas were well presented supported by scientific facts and evidences. Also it is clearly emphasized in the film that the studies were focusing on the discoveries in Africa without the influence of different scientific findings in other parts of the world, independently which segregates the main objective of the movie which is to find out to what really is the truth behind human journey. The film should have presented more evidences or discoveries from other parts of the world outside Africa for a better satisfaction of viewers and to avoid conflicts. However, despite of lack of supporting discoveries to compare with, the ideas and discoveries throughout the film where properly selected and arranged in a way that the viewers will understand and have a broad background from the origination to evolution and finally to migration of these African ancestors of our as they say. Reaction: â€Å"Out of Africa† is an educational and very much helpful movie specially when it comes to the illumination of events and the approximate life in the past. But not just helpful, it also was entertaining and fascinating, one of these reasons is that, its difficult to go to the wild and take the risk just to share the personal experiences waiting their for example. But maybe because Dr. Robert just find it interesting in taking these risks for his contentment for this field. Overall, I liked the movie for the same reason that it has given evidences and images to what really is the life of our ancestors before and how did they repopulate the whole world in a way that involves struggle for survival. Not just like that, the movie also showed some on going struggle for survival such as the tribes in Africa, which might be an existing evidence carried from our ancestors generation.

Friday, January 10, 2020

Cultural differences between Korea and US Essay

There are so many differences that can be discussed about our culture (united States) and South Korea. We could discuss their values, etiquette and customs, or business etiquette and protocol. I would like to detail my discussion to the cultural differences pertaining to the United States Business Etiquette and Protocols. Let me begin by saying that we could argue that overall because America is considered the â€Å"Melting Pot† of all cultures that although we have Korean Americans there is still a great difference than the South Koreans. South Korean relationships and communications are vastly different than those in America. They prefer to do business with people that they have a personal relationship with. So if you wish to engage, it would be in your best interest to be introduced by a third-party. A relationship with a Korean is developed through informal social gatherings that often involve a considerable amount of drinking and eating. Individuals who have established mutual trust and respect will work hard to make each other successful. South Koreans treat legal documents as memorandums of understanding. They view contracts as loosely structured consensus statements that broadly define agreement and leave room for flexibility and adjustment as needed. South Koreans are extremely direct communicators, under no circumstances insult or to criticize in front of other people. Sensitive matters may often be raised indirectly through the intermediary that first made the introductions. They are not averse to asking questions if they do not understand what has been said or need additional clarification. This is a culture where â€Å"less is more† when communicating. Respond to questions directly and concisely. Since there is a tendency to say, â€Å"yes† to questions so that you do not lose face, the way you phrase a question is crucial. It is better to ask, â€Å"when can we expect shipment† than â€Å"Can we  expect shipment in 3 weeks?† since the question requires a direct response. On the other hand, United States style of communications and handling relationships are much different. A business conversation may take place during meals, however many times you will find more social conversation taking place during the actual meal. Meetings may be arranged as breakfast meetings, luncheon meetings, or dinner meetings depending on time schedules and necessity. Generally a dinner, even though for business purposes, is treated as a social meal and a time to build rapport. United States communication styles include the offer of a firm handshake, lasting any where from 3-5 seconds, upon greeting and leaving. It is customary to maintain good eye contact during the handshake. If you are meeting several people at once, maintain eye contact with the person you are shaking hands with, until you are moving on to the next person. Eye contact is very important during business and social conversations in America; it shows interest, sincerity and confidence. If you are meeting with a good friend, you may briefly embrace. Although in larger settings, like being in a large city requires that you use a more formal the behavior. Introductions include one’s title if appropriate to include full name. Business cards are generally exchanged during introductions, and a smile is considered a sign of friendliness.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

Analysis Of Alexander Pope s The Enlightenment

‘The Enlightenment’ is defined as a period, popularly confined to the eighteenth century, wherein scientific knowledge and method proliferated under the belief that all knowledge is achievable by man. Opening the gateway to modern philosophy, ‘The Enlightenment’ aimed to explore the nature of human existence, being dubbed as an age of reason. ‘Reason’ is defined as man’s judgement that is, as Creighton explains, ‘held in mind by one who would be freed from the bondage of the emotions’ and must, therefore, differentiate his own reason from the ‘hinderance’ that is feeling , abandoning all sense of morality gained through religion and other environmental aspects. Creighton suggests ‘the excellence of reason is supposed to consist in its†¦show more content†¦In Rasselas, however, Johnson highlights the brutality of man through the kidnapping of Pekuah wherein she witnesses the immorality of slavery o n her journey for happiness, highlighting how the corruption of man lies beyond the safe-haven of Happy Valley. The valley itself is comparable to the Garden of Eden with ‘its evils extracted and excluded.’ However, the connotations of a valley present it as claustrophobic and locked-in, exacerbated by Rasselas’ initial futile attempts to escape. This suggests that while corruption lies beyond the valley, Johnson implies that the nature of man is to reach beyond our own limits regardless of current position, supported by the ‘Original Sin’ wherein Adam and Eve were cast out of the garden in the pursuit of the tree of knowledge. Whilst the paradise of the Happy Valley supplies all manners of ‘pleasure’ Rasselas uses his reason to determine that there must be more to his purpose, comparing the needs of man to that of animals and how they ‘waste their lives in tuning one unvaried series of sounds’3 and concludes that ‘ma n has surely some latent sense for which this place affords no gratification.’ Rasselas therefore separates all he has been raised to believe in order to explore his own purpose – the very definition of reason. Pope can be seen to do the same when describing the ‘lamb [†¦] had he not reason, would he skip or play?’ distinguishing the purpose of the primal animals from that of man. 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