Cardiovascular Disease Burden in Singapore-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Cardiovascular Disease Burden in Singapore. Answer: A study conducted by Ministry of Health in the year 2010 had shown clearly that cardiovascular disorder has been the leading cause of death in the nation of Singapore. It has estimated to face a death of about 1908% of the vulnerable population that is then followed by cancer at 18.9% (Lam et al., 2015). This is in turn followed by deaths due to neurological, vision and hearing disorders that account to about 14.0%. Although years have passed and various advancement have been made by the nation in medical fields and technologies, this chronic disorder is still studied to be the leading cause of death even in the recent years (Koh, Yuan Pan, 2015). Therefore, the present assignment will mainly be based on how cardiovascular disorders had been leading the maximum cause of death in the nation, the age cohort that it is affecting and the different causes of occurrence of such disorders in the population. Moreover, a health priority framework would be proposed which can check this disord er and promote health and well-being of the vulnerable population. Cardiovascular disorder has been noted to be one of the most important priority areas that should be taken into consideration by the department of health in the nation. Not only the governmental healthcare centers but also the private healthcare organizations need to conduct social analysis of the disorder and develop strategies to fight the present condition. Local governments also should promote effective health campaigns to identify the vulnerable group and educate the group with preventive measures so that cardiovascular disorders and death can be prevented. Present statistics show that every day in the nation of Singapore, 16 people die from different types of cardiovascular disorders. Cardiovascular disorders had accounted for about 29.5% of all the deaths in the year 2016 (Myheart.org.sg, 2018). This study also states that 1 out of every 3 deaths in Singapore is occurring due to either heart disorders or due to strokes. Total number of deaths in the year 2016 is seen to be 20, 017 out of which death due to cardiovascular disorder is 6000 (Approximately). Ischemic heart disorders account for 17% whereas cerebro-vascular disorders account for 6.6% that even includes occurrences of strokes. Hypertensive heart diseases accounts for about 4.0% of the deaths and other heart disease accounts for 1.9%. Therefore, from such data, it can be seen that more than one-fourth number of deaths in the nation had been due to cardiovascular disorders and therefore, it can be considered as one of the topmost priority areas in healthcare industry of the nation. In order to develop proper strategy to ensure the health and well-being of the individuals, it is extremely important to conduct a social analysis. This analysis would help in identifying the cohort of the population that is vulnerable to be affected by this disorder. Three races of population are seen to reside in the nation of Singapore. They are mainly of Chinese, Malay and Indian origin. The average age of the Chinese population in the nation who seems to be affected by myocardial infarction is 64 where the ranges of age extend from 54 to 74 years of age. The average age of the males who suffer from this disorder is 71. In case of the Malayans, the average age is 61 where the range of age varies from 51 to 71. The average age of the males who suffer from such incidences among the Malayans is 73.4 (Nmrc.gov.sg, 2017). The average age for the cases of myocardial infarction in Indians is seen to be 58 where the range varies from 49 to 70. The average age of the males in this case is 77. In the year 2016, about 30.9% of the males had been affected by the disorders whereas the incidences of this disorder had been less in case of women accounting for about 27.7%. This showed that the males more vulnerable to the diseases (Myheart.org.sg, 2018). Several factors lead to occurrences of this disorder. Diabetes had been seen to be the most important cause of the different heart disorders with the highest rate of about 51% among the Indians, 42% among the Malayans and 34.6% among the Chinese. On the other hand, hypertension had been seen to be the causal factor for such occurrences among 60.5% of Chinese, 55.2% of Malayans and 54.4 % among the Indians. Hyperlipidemia and Obesity had been also the cays of myocardial infarction among 49.6% of Chinese, 46.3% of Malayans and 51.9% of Indians (Nmrc.gov.sg, 2017). Smoking disorder is also found to be an important factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. It accounts to the highest among the Malayans accounting to be of 59.6%. It is also seen to be the reason for heart diseases among 52.6% Of the Chinese and 50.8% of the Indians. Besides, family history of premature coronary heart diseases and renal failure are also the reasons for which cardiovascular diseases take place i n individuals in Singapore (Gijsberts et al., 2015). One of the best frameworks for designing health promotion program in the different communities of the nation of Singapore is the Ottawa framework. The Ottawa charter for health promotion can be defined as the international agreement that was signed at Ottawa in Canada under the governance of the world health Organization in First International Conference on Health Promotion in 1986. Since then, this framework had been used by several nations to strategize health promotion campaigns effectively (Hivert et al., 2016). Three important strategies, the Ottawa framework advices for health promotion are advocating, enabling and mediating. In case of advocacy, it should be remembered that health is one form of resource for different developmental as well as social means. Therefore, all the dimensions hat affect the resource of health must be modified in ways that will encourage well being. The second one is called enabling. It states that the health equity should be followed and every indivi dual should be empowered to control the determinants that affect their health. These should be done in ways where the individuals can reach the highest attainable quality of life. The last strategy says that health promotion can never be achieved alone by the health sector. Therefore, all sectors of the government should collaborate and coordinate with each other and with independent organizations like different industries and media to ensure success of the health campaigns (Campbell et al., 2016). In order to cover up the three important strategies in the implementation of proper health campaigns for prevention and control of cardiovascular disorders, five important arenas need to be taken in considerations. Healthcare organizations, community health care centers, social workers, health care representatives, leaders of the healthcare campaigns and others should work together (Kaczorowski et al., 2016) Everyone should come together to build health public policy, create support environments, strengthen community actions, develop the personal skills of the community dwellers and reorient health service for better prevention and promotion of health. Routine checkups in the communities, public healthcare centers and in different organizations should be done to check blood pressure. Keep the cholesterol level and triglyceride levels under control and check the BMI for measuring weight. This routine checkup would help in prior identification of the issues and warn the vulnerable individuals from danger (Griffiths et al., 2016). Besides, there would be health education sessions in the communities as well as in the healthcare centers about the importance of maintaining proper lifestyles. This prevents occurrence of any heart disorders. The vulnerable population should be identified and then they should be mailed for participation in healthcare sessions. The health education classes would contain distribution of pamphlets and brochures in easy language so that the cohort can understand the steps they need to take for maintaining healthy lifestyle. Importance of healthy diet would be explained and interested individuals could also get diet charts from representatives. Saturated fats, foods rich in sodium and added sugars should be avoided. In place, fresh fruits, whole grains and vegetables should be incorporated. Regular exercises should be done as it benefits strengthening of hearts and improvement of circulation. Arranging for exercise sessions in the communities can also be a part of the health promotion ca mpaigns (Cox, 2017). Proper counseling sessions for alcoholic individuals and those suffering from tobacco use disorder can be arranged. The counseling sessions would be held once a week where vulnerable individuals can visit for help. Limiting alcohol is excessively important as it results in excessive weight gain by addition of extra calories. Cigarette smoking exposes individuals to increase blood pressure putting individuals at greater risks (Liddy et al., 2017). Therefore, these initiatives are also necessary. Apart from the above mentioned strategies to ensure creating supportive environment, reorienting healthcare services and strengthening community actions to ensure preventions of heart diseases, development of interpersonal skills of the vulnerable individuals are also necessary. Management of stress is important as extreme stress triggers heart attack. Management of diabetes is important to keep blood sugar level under control. Making sure of getting enough sleep is important (Campbell et al., 2017). Therefore, they should be taught of the ways by which they can take their own care and maintain their well-being. Government should propose a policy including guideline to ensure best health of the vulnerable population. From the entire discussion, it is clear that cardiovascular disorders is the main disease that should be accepted as priority areas as it had been affecting huge number of population leading to death. Age cohort of above 45 years of age is seen to be the most vulnerable to the disease with the number of deaths increasing with age. Several factors like diabetes, hypertension, smoking habits and many others contribute to these risky situations. With the help of Ottawa factors, concerned healthcare authorities can arrange for healthcare campaigns that will ensure better quality life of the mentioned cohort References: Campbell, D. J., Manns, B. J., Hemmelgarn, B. R., Sanmartin, C., King-Shier, K. M. (2016). Development of a conceptual framework for understanding financial barriers to care among patients with cardiovascular-related chronic disease: a protocol for a qualitative (grounded theory) study.CMAJ open,4(2), E304. Campbell, D. J., Manns, B. J., Weaver, R. G., Hemmelgarn, B. R., King-Shier, K. M., Sanmartin, C. (2017). Financial barriers and adverse clinical outcomes among patients with cardiovascular-related chronic diseases: a cohort study.BMC medicine,15(1), 33. Cox, J. L. (2017). Why We Need More and Better Cardiovascular Disease Quality Indicators.Canadian Journal of Cardiology,33(4), 416-419. Gijsberts, C. M., Seneviratna, A., de Carvalho, L. P., den Ruijter, H. M., Vidanapthirana, P., Sorokin, V., ... Low, A. F. (2015). Ethnicity modifies associations between cardiovascular risk factors and disease severity in parallel Dutch and Singapore coronary cohorts.PloS one,10(7), e0132278. Griffiths, K., Aggarwal, B. B., Singh, R. B., Buttar, H. S., Wilson, D., De Meester, F. (2016). Food antioxidants and their anti-inflammatory properties: a potential role in cardiovascular diseases and cancer prevention.Diseases,4(3), 28. Hivert, M. F., Arena, R., Forman, D. E., Kris-Etherton, P. M., McBride, P. E., Pate, R. R., ... Kraus, W. E. (2016). Medical training to achieve competency in lifestyle counseling: an essential foundation for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and other chronic medical conditions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.Circulation,134(15), e308-e327. Kaczorowski, J., Campbell, N. R., Duhaney, T., Mang, E., Gelfer, M. (2016). Reducing deaths by diet: Call to action for a public policy agenda for chronic disease prevention.Canadian Family Physician,62(6), 469-470. Koh, W. P., Yuan, J. M., Pan, A. (2015). Abstract P251: Weight Change is Associated With Risk of Cardiovascular Mortality Among Singapore Chinese. Lam, B. C. C., Koh, G. C. H., Chen, C., Wong, M. T. K., Fallows, S. J. (2015). Comparison of body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in an adult population in Singapore.PLoS One,10(4), e0122985. Liddy, C., Rowan, M., Valiquette-Tessier, S. C., Drosinis, P., Crowe, L., Hogg, W. (2017). Improved Delivery of Cardiovascular Care (IDOCC): findings from narrative reports by practice facilitators.Preventive medicine reports,5, 214-219. Myheart.org.sg. (2016).Singapore - Statistics - About The Heart Heart Disease - Singapore Heart Foundation. [online] Available at: https://www.myheart.org.sg/article/about-the-heart-and-heart-disease/statistics/singapore/75 [Accessed 12 Feb. 2018]. Nmrc.gov.sg. (2017).Singapores Approaching Tsunami of Cardiovascular Disease. [online] Available at: https://www.nmrc.gov.sg/content/dam/nmrc_internet/nmrc2.0/nmrcAwards/2017/Slides/Cardiovascular%20Diseases%20-%20Mark%20Richards.pdf [Accessed 12 Feb. 2018]

Death of a Salesman and A Raisin in the SUn Essay Example For Students

Death of a Salesman and A Raisin in the SUn Essay A common theme in society today is that money is the key to happiness. In A Raisin in the Sun and Death of a Salesman the theme that money is the root of contentment is also present. In A Raisin in the Sun, Walter Lee has such a desire to be rich that he neglects his son and wife. Willy, in Death of a Salesman, is also very distracted by the thought of money. First of all, Willy believes that he needs to be as successful as his brother, Ben, in order to be happy. He spends his whole life wishing that he had gone with his brother to Alaska. This is where he got rich and Willy believes that if he had gone with Ben, he would be rich too. Many times throughout the play, when Willy is having hallucinations of Ben, he asks him, How did you do it, Ben? Also, throughout the play, he refers to a salesman that is in his 80s and is very successful. He talks about how this man is so old, but is still working from his home. He also speaks of how this man is so well liked in all of the cities that he has gone to. Being well liked is important to Willy because he thinks that if he is well liked throughout the area, he will sell more and therefore become rich like his brother. In the same respect, Walter Lee, from A Raisin in the Sun, has a fascination with money. He believes that he needs to own a liquor store to obtain money and when his mother receive s her check, he expects her to give him the money so that he can fulfill his dream. When his mother does not give him the money at first, he is furious because he believes that, to be happy, he must own the liquor store. Walter Lee wants to be a good father and husband and wants to be able to provide for his family everything that they need. This desire that he has shades his eyes from the fact that he is neglecting them. Finally, when Walter Lee does get the money that he needs from his mother for the store, it is stolen by one of his business partners. I believe that this is when Walter Lee realizes that money is not everything and it is not the only way to happiness. A Raisin in the Sun and Death of a Salesman both have fundamental ideas that money can buy happiness, when in reality, the main characters in the plays realize that actually family is the most important thing.

Foreign Etiquette Essay Research Paper Etiquette for free essay sample

Foreign Etiquette Essay, Research Paper Etiquette for Greetings and Business Card games As we do concern in other states and as we receive business peoples from other states in our American offices, it is of import to cognize how to recognize people and how to show our concern cards. The salutation is the beginning of the concern interaction ; if it goes good, we create a positive feeling that will function as a foundation for our concern treatments. Business Card games The ultimate passport in today s planetary economic system is the concern card. It identifies your company and makes it easier for international people to understand your name. Rank and profession in other states are taken much more earnestly so they are in the United States. For every state in which you travel, have your concern card information in English on one side and in the linguistic communication of the peculiar state on the other side. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Etiquette Essay Research Paper Etiquette for or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Include your name, place rubric, your company name and reference, and your facsimile and telephone Numberss. In European and North American states, the concern card may be presented with either manus. In Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, neer present the card with your left manus ; the left manus is considered dirty. Greetings Your first opportunity to do an feeling is when you greet person and exchange names. In America, we tend to be formal but that does non intend we should be careless. Professional, societal, and household positions are really of import in many civilizations. If you say or do something, which is wrong, you can pique others and abash yourself. Always use a formal salutation when you meet people from other civilizations. Never address them by their first names unless they ask you to make so. In European and North American states, recognize the individual with a steadfast handshaking, good oculus contact, and the pronunciation of the last name with the courtesy rubric Mrs. Moschler. In Latin American states, recognize a individual with a light handshaking and possibly an embracing. Remember that most peoples names are a combination of their male parent s and female parent s names. Merely a female parent s name is use in conversation. So, Carlos Mendoza-Zamora would be addressed as Senor Mendoza. The French besides greet one another with a light handshaking ; the steadfast U.S.-type handshaking is thought to be impolite. By and large, adult females do non agitate custodies. Young people and close friends will often interchange kissed on both cheeks in add-on to the handshaking. And the Gallic frequently shake custodies in departing. In the Orient, the Chinese system presents the family name foremost and the given name last ; for illustration, Wang Xiansheng would be addressed as Mr. Wang. However, if the Chinese are utilizing English, they will normally set their family names last as is done in the United States. When you greet Chinese people, agitate custodies and turn to them by their family names with a courtesy rubric. For India and Thailand, a salutation consists of seting your custodies together in a prayer-like place, keeping them about thorax high, and so blowing somewhat. In India, this is called NAMASTE ; in Thailand, it is called Wai. Peoples are addressed by their family names with the appropriate courtesy rubric. In Assalaamualaikum ( Peace be upon you ) and Waalaikum assalaam ( And peace be upon you ) . Work force may agitate custodies ; nevertheless, retrieve that you should non agitate custodies, snog, or encompass a member of the opposite sex. Homework You can see how easy it could be to diss person or embarrass yourself as you meet and greet people. Please make your prep before you travel. Fix your concern cards and analyze the imposts. We want to construct relationships based upon regard for other civilizations.

How to Use Mood and Atmosphere in Your Novel - Freewrite Store

How to Use Mood and Atmosphere in Your Novel - Freewrite Store ï » ¿The mood, or atmosphere, of your novel, is one of the things that makes your story stick in your readers’ minds long after they’ve turned the last page. Think about some of your favorite novels - what is it that you remember most? For me, the stormy atmosphere of my favorite novel, Wuthering Heights, is the first thing that comes to mind. Emily Bronte managed to create a mood in the novel that I really related to during my turbulent teenage years. As I’m writing this, I’m listening to the angry crashing of thunder and the pouring torrential rain, listening to children screaming as they run inside - what a perfect reminder of how nature creates atmosphere without any effort at all! The Power of Your Setting for Atmosphere There’s a variety of factors that go into creating mood and atmosphere in fiction. Your setting - including details like the weather and climate - can be a great starting point for conveying a mood. In Wuthering Heights, for example, the windswept moors of the Yorkshire Dales created the perfect backdrop for the atmosphere of the story. It’s the setting that allows you to introduce details that create the mood. The kinds of details that you can use for conveying the atmosphere against the backdrop of your story include smells, sounds, and sights. For example, you could create a gothic mood by using details that describe the decay of an abandoned house - cobwebs in the corners, rust on the bars on the windows, clouds of dust, and so on. Using Mood Words As a beginning writer, when I first came across the term ‘mood words’, I thought it referred to a list of moods (e.g. happy, depressed, angry, despondent, etc.). I was wrong. Mood words are broadly defined as descriptive verbs and adjectives that add an extra dimension to non-descript actions. For example, consider the difference between these sentences: Adelaide walked towards the door. Adelaide tiptoed towards the door. Walking is non-descript. We all do it, and without any kind of descriptors about howa character is walking, there’s no sense of mood or atmosphere. To tiptoe, however, is to walk in a particular way - to avoid being heard or to avoid disturbing someone. Overall, tiptoeing creates a sense of stealth and can be used to convey an atmosphere of tension or caution. Mood words are incredibly useful when you’re trying to convey an atmosphere. It can be helpful to have a list of mood words for particular types of scenes that you can easily refer back to. Here’s an example to get you started: Eerie Mood Words: Creaking Rattling Thumping Scuttling (as in a mouse scuttling) Whistling (as in the wind whistling) Cracking (as in a twig cracking) Show, Don’t Tell The easiest way to create a mood is to tell the reader what the mood is, right? Wrong. Which of these two passages is more engaging and captivating in its description of mood?: Rebecca felt happy that the interview had gone well. She was excited to hear back from the manager. Rebecca walked sedately out of the building, but as soon as she was out of sight of the reception desk, she almost danced across the road to where Dom was waiting for her. A bubbling laugh escaped her lips as she ran to him and threw her arms around his neck. â€Å"I think I’ve got it!† she almost shouted. â€Å"Oh, Dom, you should’ve seen me in there!† You should always avoid telling your readers something when you can show them through your characters actions and speech. The second passage conveys the excitement in a way that makes the reader feel part of the scene - simply telling the reader that your character is excited isn’t going to create an atmosphere of excitement. Word Choices The words that you use to describe a scene or setting can have a powerful impact on the kind of mood you create. When I was studying for my Creative Writing degree, my tutor set an assignment that I thought I’d suck at, but I actually found that I enjoyed it. We were given a setting - a simple backyard - but told to describe it in three different ways, conveying a different atmosphere each time. This is how it turned out: Scene 1: Shadows played across the yard like a shroud. Long grass, unkempt and almost knee-high, danced in the breeze. A child’s bicycle, long abandoned, lay in the shadow of a withered oak tree. Sunlight blazing off the sash windows of the house made it impossible for Derrick to see whether Susan was inside. Scene 2 Alstroemeria bloomed in the bright-blue planter pressed up against the side of the front porch. Danny’s bike was, yet again, abandoned in the middle of the lawn at the foot of the old oak. Excited giggles drifted down from the treehouse as the boys quickly hauled the ladder up. â€Å"Is your Mom home?† Derrick called out to the boys, shading his eyes against the glare of the sun. Scene 3 There were some signs that this had once been a happy home - the rusty bicycle below the oak tree, and the partially-collapsed remains of a treehouse. There had once been a lawn, but now it was just a scorched black scar in front of the dilapidated house. Derrick dug the toe of his boot into the dirt and sighed. It had been fifteen years, but if he breathed in deeply enough, it was almost as if he could still smell the smoke of the fire. The words that you choose to describe anything in your novel have the power to convey very different moods. You have to be careful about the vocabulary that you choose, to ensure that every word matches up with the mood you’re wanting to portray. Descriptions are a lot like paintings. The details that you show to your reader come together to create an overall picture - and if you use details that don’t fit the mood, they’ll be jarring to your readers. Putting What You’ve Learned Into Practice Actually practicing using mood and atmosphere in your novel is the best way to get better at it. I’ve put together some exercises to help you get started. Imagine you’re writing a ghost story. Which of these two settings would provide the best backdrop for your story?: A cabin on the beach on the island of Barbados in summer An isolated cabin in a remote part of the Scottish highlands in winter (where there are only a few hours of daylight each day) Imagine you’re writing a story about a marriage breakdown. How would these different settings change the mood of the story?: The kitchen during the morning rush to get the kids to school A seating area outside a cafe close to where there’s a group of protestors shouting and waving placards A clifftop as your characters are participating in a walk for charity Create a mood word list for each of the following atmospheres: Spooky Tense Despairing Excited Joyful Find a scene in a novel (yours, or one you’re reading) where there’s more telling than there is showing. Re-write the scene in a way that conveys a mood without using the actual word. Describe a house and garden in three separate scenes, creating a different atmosphere in each.

Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Climate Change - Essay Example By the records, prior to the advent of the industrial revolution, the levels of carbon dioxide were way lower than they are today (NASA, 2013). By the end of 2010, the levels of carbon dioxide stood at 389 parts per million as compared to 280 parts per million before the industrial revolution (Doyle, 2013). Records dating to as early as 1500 designate that there has been a steady increase in temperatures as Metz notes (Metz, 2010). Research carried out by UK and U.S based environmental research and scientific institutions show that since the late 1900’s, global average temperature has increased by 0.8 degrees (Hayward, 2014). This rate of increase might appear trifling but according to scientists, it is one of the strongest indicators of the rapid climatic changes happening on earth (Balonnof, 2013). In addition, scientists advise that if climatic change is not urgently addressed, by 2050, the rates of temperature increase should be expected to be between 2.6 and 4.5 degrees ( VOA, 2014). Another imperative statistic from scientists is the verity that there is an over 40% increase in the rates of carbon dioxide and alarmingly, half of this has occurred after the 1970’s (Braasch, 2013). 98% of scientists collectively agree that 98% of the climatic change (with much emphasis on global warming) is caused by human activities (Gleb, 2013). To what extent is the climatic change man-made? Some people have argued that climatic change should not be ascribed to human activities.

Why were Jewish refuges on the SS St. Louis denied entry to Cuba and Essay

Why were Jewish refuges on the SS St. Louis denied entry to Cuba and what decided their fate - Essay Example The Nazi ideology and policies targeted first of all Jews, who were considered as the most â€Å"inferior races† of all, on a hierarchy which included the â€Å"Herrenvolk† (Master race) of the â€Å"Volksgemeinschaft† (German national community) at the top and Jews at the bottom. In November 1938, the violent anti-Semitic campaign, called Kristallnacht, or â€Å"night of the broken glass† or also known as â€Å"Pogromnacht† started, in which Jewish homes and business were destroyed and up to 200 Jews were killed in Germany. After this incident, Germany’s 600,000 decided that it was time to leave and many European Jews fled for their lives. Hundreds of ships set their voyage crossed the Atlantic carrying thousands of immigrants to new lives, primarily in the United States. The S.S. St. Louis, owned by the Hamburg-American Line (Hapag) was one such ship (Stahl, 1999, para.1-12) On May 13, 1939, the German transatlantic liner St. Louis started its voyage from Hamburg, Germany, to Havana, Cuba. On the voyage, there were 937 passengers, almost all passenger were German Jews citizens, fleeing from the Third Reich and, some were from eastern Europe, and a few were officially â€Å"stateless†. Although the majority of the Jewish passengers had already applied for U.S. visas, and they had planned to have a temporary stay in Cuba until they could get their visa approval from the United State State Department, yet there were signals that political conditions in Cuba might keep the passengers from landing there.

Mother Teresa Of Calcutta Theology Religion Essay

Mother Teresa Of Calcutta Theology Religion Essay Blessed Teresa of Calcutta, born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu and commonly known as Mother Teresa of Calcutta, was an ethnic Albanian, Indian Roman Catholic nun. By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus. The book Mother Teresa by Navin Chawla is a sensitive, perceptive biography written with Mother Teresas full cooperation and encouragement, describing her mission of faith and principles that guided her. The first American publication of the authorized biography of Mother Teresa (published in UK in 1992), this book was written over a five-year period (1987-1992). The author, an Indian bureaucrat and a retired chief election commissioner of India, has collected many letters and rare photographs, which provide personal charm as she describes the life of this Albanian nun who has lived in Calcutta since 1928. To read this book is to be suddenly brought up to Mother Teresas transformative vision of the world. Mother Teresa sees the dying as the very body of the crucified Christ, and she views leprosy patients as recipients of a gift of God designed to bring them closer to Him. Page by page, the drumbeat of this astonishing way of thinking makes it instantly clear how the founder of the Missionaries of Charity has transformed what should be the most appalling circumstances of sickness, poverty and death into an opportunity to serve the broken body of the living Christ. What makes this biography stand out from the many other books of Mother Teresa is Navin Chawlas unprecedented access to the Saint of the Gutters and the religious beliefs he holds. Navin is a Hindu, but refers to himself as near atheist. Who better to write a biography than one who is skeptical? He writes of the facts, which include miracles that occur every day. Mother Teresa herself tells him about these miracles, if you pray, you will see them. He writes facts which no one can dispute. The five years Navin took to complete the book enabled him to understand the inner person and deliver his insights. It was clear right from the Prologue where he writes, As a Hindu, it took me longer than most to understand that Mother Teresa is with Christ each conscious hour, whether at Mass or with each of those to whom she tends to. It is not a different Christ on her crucifix and a different one which lies dying at Kalighat. For Mother Teresa, to love ones neighbour is to love God. This is what is essential to her. MOTHER TERESA, AN INDIVIDUAL WITH STRONG CHARACTER The biography started with the biographers note on how he managed to get the permission from Mother Teresa to write a book not about her but about the work and gives a short account of success of services by Mother Teresa. Then he talks about the childhood of Mother Teresa though not given in detail but was sufficient to explain the thoughts that led her to becoming a nun. Mother Teresa was born as Agnesà « Gonxhe Bojaxhiu on 26th August 1910 as the youngest child to Nikola and Drane Bojaxhiu in Skopje, Yogoslavia. Her mother, Drane who was not merely religious but practical and commitment to her faith had a far reaching influence on the character and the spiritual life of young Agnes. Agness religious formation developed further through her extensive involvement in the vibrant Jesuit parish of sacred heart. She was described as a good student, meticulous in appearance, well organised, one who never refused help or assistance and friendly by her family members which she developed be ing part of the Sodality. At the age of eighteen, she decided to leave her home and become a nun as she realised her vocation was towards the poor. From here the book gives minute details regarding Mother Teresas journey from her initial days in India especially in Darjeeling and Kolkata as a sister at Loreto convent, Entally where she took her vows, those of poverty, chastity and obedience to becoming Bengali Teresa. A person with strong spirituality and a deep love for her colleagues (Sisters) and followers (students), Mother Teresas twenty years at Loreto was noted for her charity, unselfishness and courage, her capacity for hard work and a natural talent for organization, she lived out her consecration to Jesus, in the midst of her companions, with fidelity and joy. MOTHER TERESA, A LEADER WITH CONVICTION At this point of time when she received a call in a call as an inner command to go and serve the poor in the streets, she approached the situation with much meditation and consultation with her spiritual advisor Father Van Exem. She wanted to remain faithful to her catholic faith and not be seen as a secular that had abandoned her role as Mother. Years later with nothing more than three Saris and pennies she was on her way into the streets hoping to give love and hope where none existed and with a strong belief in her cause that God would be her provider. This is a European woman that stepped out into the poorest of the poor streets of India with no money, no home and no guarantees. She has been ridiculed, starved had stones thrown at her, been threatened and persecuted. She is the one who started her first school in India with a twig that she drew out the Bengali alphabet in under a tree. She didnt believe in saving, as she always believed that God would provide. She never asked for donations, but sometimes would resort to begging as the poor did. Never for herself but always for others. The amazing thing about her was that she did it all on faith. Today there are homes created by her in over 130 countries including the U.S. Her Missionary Services called Missionaries of Charity continues to grow even after her death. There are Sisters and Brothers that serve and have all taken the poverty vow and live exactly like the poor. She always referred to herself as a mere instrument of God and all the work was done by God. MOTHER TERESA, A LEADER WITH A STRONG VISION AND MISSION One of the most important principles Mother Teresa lived by as a leader was her  Vision. She realized that she was the voice of her vision. She had to state it clearly. The vision was kept simple and unambiguous and she believed in it and lived it every dayin everything she did. The vision motivated her every day and she embedded it deeply into the organization that she built. She also had a clear goal which was her mission for her whole life-to serve and to do Gods will. Her example of ethical use of power has become an example to those who have a great deal of persuasion in this world. She showed the world that one does not need money, power, an office, staff, a dictatorial voice to change the world. Instead, all that is needed is a conviction, a heart of humility, and a life of devotion. Her work itself had profound effect in the most unlikely places and often at the highest places. For instance she was a tremendous force in the church. The pope always received her whenever she visited Rome, as he might receive his own child. The book talks about several instances where her requests to a countrys President were granted immediately. She took initiatives during a famine in Ethiopia, spread the message to the then US President Ronald Reagan and he sent his help to the place with food and medicine. She was considered as the most powerful woman in the world, yet she remained humility itself. The biography gives a direct account of the character of Mother Teresa. The author gives unaltered descriptions of events from which we can easily identify these character traits as our own. She comes across as a bold, determined, concentrated individual who dont dare to ask, to beg for the poor; a systematic person who knows how a hierarchy works, who knows priorities and the value of money. She was very simple, yet hardworking. A person with a vision and value the importance of prayer! The author is highly moved by the fact that while most of us like to focus on the big idea, or the big vision, Mother Teresa focused on faithfulness in the smallest things. While we think about loving the whole world, she urged us to love our neighbor. While we focus on doing great things, she focused on doing small things with love. Ultimately, it is these small things that will determine if we will achieve anything big in our life. MOTHER TERESA, AS A TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADER As a leader, the more one is willing to sacrifice and give up oneself for the larger vision, the greater the fruits one will bear. The more one sows in terms of effort, time and money, the more one will reap in ones life. Mother Teresa gave herself fully to alleviate the poverty around her by touching one life at a time, and she accomplished so much at the end of her life. Mother Teresa is a fine example of a leader in todays culture. Her profound humble ways and leadership has forever shaped the way this world looks at those who live without it. If not for her leadership qualities Mother Teresa would not have risen to great heights to win the hearts of the millions of people worldwide. She served the poor, orphaned and dying people for more than forty-five years and never ever was tired of her service. The real stories mentioned in the book touch and inspire our heart. When the people affected with leprosy were considered as untouchables, she extended her service to them and cared f or them by starting many homes. Mother Teresa was very humble and never cared about her own image, a rare quality that could hardly be seen in any leader around the world. Whenever she happened to travel in flights, she used to collect the leftover food from all the travelers on the plane and distributed the collected food to the hungry and needy people. Though she had no money many times, she never hesitated to beg to help people. She was extremely courageous in helping people suffering from leprosy. She never was tired in helping the refugees, blind, homeless, flood and famine victims and lepers. The poor and forlorn people were brought to the homes and they were given medical attention. They were given an opportunity to die with dignity and during their last moments, the Muslims were read the verses from Quran, the Hindus received holy water from the Ganges and the Christians received the last rites. Though she was a Christian, this is just enough to portray the best leadership quality of generosity in her. She was so simple and humble that she never cared for her own comforts. The sari she wore cost only one US dollar. The white sari with blue border has become a symbol of peace and solace to the poor and destitute. She knew very well that if she should heal other people she must suffer herself and this was what she stated to Princess Diana once when she met her. According to Bass and Avolio (1993)  transformational leadership is concerned with engaging the hearts and minds of others.  It requires trust, concern and facilitation rather than direct control.  The skills required are concerned with establishing a long-term vision, empowering people to control themselves, coaching, and developing others and challenging the culture to change.   Mother Teresa was a woman who saved lives and changed them through the sheer force of her faith and determination. Clearly, Mother Teresas leadership style was transformational.  It was people like Mother Teresa who give a new meaning to life. Like a true leader she proved that one person can really make a difference in the lives of millions. Mother Teresa set examples for future generations to continue her work. This shows how much of an impact she truly had. She made a difference, not by helping everyone, but by making people stop and realize how they could do the same. She is one of the greates t leaders the world has seen. MAHATMA GANDHI AND MOTHER TERESA There is also a beautiful comparison in the book about the similarities between Mahatma Gandhi and Mother Teresa. It was an interesting comparison, where both went out of their country for service, both were conservative when it comes to religious believes, but both had worked for the welfare of the people from all religion irrespective of caste and creed and the like.   MOTHER TERESA AND HER ACHIEVEMENTS India honoured Mother Teresa by giving Padmashri and the highest of honour,  Bharat Ratna. The world was competing to give the best of honour to her, including the  Nobel Prize  for peace. CONCLUSION To conclude, Mother Teresa was a multi dimensional figure, both simple and complex at the same time. Her faith, compassion and religion aside, Mother Teresa had all the qualities of a Manager grit, determination and getting the odds to work for her. Her Management Model was different. She ran the organization through people. She set up a base and then found people who would form a chain around that and work for her and that is how it expanded. Finally, Mother Teresa by Navin Chawla is a good book which can kindle our thoughts and support for the poor! What we are doing is nothing but a drop in the ocean. But if we didnt do it, the ocean would be less because of that missing drop. I do not agree with the big way of doing things. To me what matters is an individual was the philosophy of Mother Teresa.